Skin Anatomy

The skin is the body’s largest organ, and is divided into 3 principal layers: the Epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. The skin is a complex human structure and these layers are thus divided to protect, hydrate and allow sensory perception.


Epidermis
The epidermis is composed of five layers of tissue that contain no blood vessels and very few nerves. It is pierced by hair follicles and the ducts of sweat and sebaceous glands. The epidermis is the outer layer covering of the skin and is lined with basal cells named keratinocytes. It is these keratinocytes which divide, flatten and migrate to the surface of the skin to form the waterproof later called the stratum corneum. The dermal layer also houses basal cells which house melanocytes which create the pigment or melanin colouring in the skin. Sweat glands and hair follicles are part of the epidermis also.
Other layers that make up the epidermis are the stratum lucidium, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum and the stratum basale


Dermis
The Dermis is composed of collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid. They provide the skin with volume, strength and elasticity. The dermis also contains blood vessels called capillaries. Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and blood vessels are found in this layer.
The dermis is composed of three major types of cells:fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.

The dermis has many important functions, including regulation of body temperature. It is also responsible for  sensory perceptions, such as pain and touch and is where hair growth and cell nutrition occurs. The dermis sebum, which helps to maintain the moisture content in skin.

The dermis contains collagen for skin strength, elastin which provides elasticity, and extra fibrillar matrix, which is a gel-like substance primarily composed of hydrating components mainly hyaluronan and glycoproteins. It has 2 layers, the Stratum papillare and the reticular layer.


Subcutaneous Layer
The subcutaneous layer is made up of fatty tissue more commonly known as adipose tissue. It is not technically skin, but anchors the skin and acts as a protective cushion for the body. It also stores fat to be burned as energy. It can vary greatly in thickness according to the age, sex and health of the body.
The subcutaneous layer is composed of connective tissue fibres and fat cells, with a complex network of nerves and blood vessels. It is the subcutaneous layer and this network which supports and nourishes the upper layers of the skin, the dermis and epidermis.

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